Crossover or SUV – what’s the difference?
Crossover and SUV models have replaced the traditional hatchback and sedan across nearly all segments in South Africa, from compact to large family vehicles. But how are they different?
Car categories matter. It’s not about arguing with car geeks about some mystery limited-edition model’s spec and exact original wheel size. It’s about understanding concepts and designs beyond the marketing speak in order to buy with greater insight. Like when choosing between a crossover or SUV.
One of the most problematic category distinctions in the car industry is between crossovers and SUVs. Which is which, and why?
Many knowledgeable car people and product marketing specialists will tell you there’s so much convergence between mid-sized and large crossovers and SUVs that it really doesn’t matter. But it does because there are real distinctions worth understanding.
The crossover market didn’t really exist 2 decades ago, but it’s now arguably the most influential passenger car category. It’s therefore important to know how it differs from the traditional concepts of an SUV.
The SUV came first
Like most things about the car industry, it’s worth starting at the beginning. SUVs are much older than you think. There’s always an argument about which was the first SUV.
Land Rover claims its 1st-gen 1970 Range Rover 3-door was the first. Jeep, meanwhile, has a valid claim for the original Wagoneer, which debuted in 1963. And then there’s the Scout, a brand which is now being revived with VW money. It was originally part of International Harvester (the agricultural tech people), which launched what many believe is the first true family car SUV – the first Scout – in 1961.
What all these vehicles had in common was a ladder-frame chassis and a rugged suspension design for true off-roading. Furthermore, they all boasted a closed cabin and load area with decent seating, so an entire family and their gear could do weekend-away adventures. And that was what SUVs were originally designed to do: take families into the great outdoors in more comfort than a 1st-gen Defender or FJ40-series Land Cruiser.
The concept was transformed during the 1990s when German brands developed luxury SUVs on their large-sedan platforms. Models included the original Mercedes-Benz ML and BMW’s X5. These were SUVs with excellent high-speed cruising stability, comfort and enough all-terrain ability for traversing corrugated dirt roads and mild off-road routes.
SUVs can go off-road. Well, most of them…
The qualification for an SUV has always been a comfy, functional passenger-car cabin and reasonable-to-great off-road ability.
Whereas the original 1960s and 1970s SUVs were all body-on-frame designs, most modern SUVs are monocoque, or unibody, vehicles. But hasn’t that made them worse off-road? Well, the entire Land Rover range is now unibody and features all-wheel independent suspension, two engineering choices that are the opposite of what you’d find underneath most traditional off-road vehicles. Even the hardcore Defender OCTA has independent rear suspension.
Advances in air suspension and electronic traction-control systems have enabled unibody SUVs to achieve very capable off-road performance. That’s without compromising on-road ride quality and passenger comfort that buyers and passengers demand.
An important marker is that most SUVs are based on vehicle platforms with some degree of off-road capability. Equipped with all-terrain tyres, they can adventure travel with confidence on punishing dirt roads and off-road routes. That’s also why most true SUVs, even if they have huge wheels with low-profile highway tyres, are rear- or all-wheel drive, instead of being primarily front-wheel drive.
Crossing over
Where did the crossover start? Not where you think. You’d imagine that Toyota, VW, or one of the German brands marketed the first crossover in South Africa. But you’d be wrong; it was Rover. Yes, Rover.
The VW Cross Polo came to market only in 2007. Back in 2004, MG introduced the Rover Streetwise to South Africa. With plastic cladding and 10 mm more ground clearance than the Rover 25, the Streetwise was symbolic of what was to come. Crossover would eventually overwhelm the traditional South African hatchback market.
The development of crossovers has mostly been about affordability. This is why most crossovers have replaced traditional hatchbacks and sedans as a family cars.
Crossovers are more about appearance than ability, which is why many of them are front-wheel drive. They don’t have the wheel-well clearance to run larger all-terrain tyres like SUVs do. And they also have short-travel road-car suspension. It’s why you’ll rarely find a crossover, even one with impressive off-road styling bits, with decent ground clearance.
True lockable differentials and low-range gearing don’t exist in the crossover world, even on large crossovers. As a vehicle category, the crossover is about fashion, not function.
Buy a new or used crossover on Cars.co.za
Are mid-size crossovers and SUVs similar?
If SUVs are generally larger, with better all-terrain ability (when configured with their optional off-road packs and proper tyres), and crossovers are usually replacements for traditional hatchbacks, what about when they meet in the middle?
If an SUV and a crossover are a similar size, and have unibody construction, what is the difference between them?
To answer that question, it’s worth referencing Subaru. The Forester and Outbacks look like station wagons and don’t have a stance too dissimilar from some crossovers, yet these Subarus are respected as SUVs. Why? Depending on the model and trim, both Subaru ranges offer proper all-wheel drive, and even locking centre differentials, with much more off-road ability than similarly sized crossovers.
But what about something like the X3? Is that a crossover or SUV? Or perhaps a crossover-SUV? It shares a platform with the 3 Series sedan, after all…
BMW’s X3 Rugged blurs the lines between a sedan-based crossover, with enough rough-road ability and luggage space to be an SUV. The X1 is clearly a crossover, but the X3 Rugged? With its all-terrain tyres and slightly upgraded suspension, the X3 Rugged is ready to explore Namibia.
Size doesn’t always matter
Most crossovers sold in South Africa are based on front-wheel-drive vehicle platforms because they’re on sale instead of hatchbacks and sedans. Developed from these traditional model ranges, are all compact vehicles with pseudo-off-road styling crossovers? No.
Suzuki’s Jimny 5-door is the counterargument. It’s unquestionably a rugged, all-terrain SUV, but it’s also tiny. It proves the distinction between crossovers and SUVs are both purpose and capability, not size.
SUVs need to have an element of “utility”. The word’s in the name for a reason. Although many SUVs are equipped with highway tyres, a true SUV model range will always offer off-road variants with all-terrain tyres, more underbody protection and true exploration-grade capability.
Crossovers? They’re just passenger cars with redesigned proportions and a slight increase in ride height to make them look like adventure SUVs.